Jesse Hollington
Retired
- Joined
- Nov 15, 2004
- Messages
- 13,228
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- 52
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- Toronto, Canada
- Website
- www.ilounge.com
Photo Storage on the iPod and iPhone -- The Gory Details
Disclaimer: This is advanced material and is mostly intended for the technically curious. There isn't anything here that's directly relevant to actually using your iPod, so only read on if you're technically inclined and want to know how things work inside the iPod
So, after a bit of research, math, experimentation, and general messing around, I've managed to glean a few insights into how the iPod photo stores pictures "under the hood"...
Firstly, for those who may not realize it, the iPod photo is not capable of resizing images on the fly. All of this work is done by iTunes when it transfers the photos onto the iPod photo -- be it normal pictures or album artwork, the principle works the same -- iTunes does the resizing, and the iPod photo just displays whatever it has in it's photo database.
In fact, as I've mentioned elsewhere, iTunes actually creates multiple resized versions of the images, since the iPod needs to display them in different resolutions.
These photo compilations are stored in two different directories (one for album artwork, one for the photo library), and have the extension .ithmb.
Album Artwork
The iPod stores and displays album artwork in two resolutions -- one on the normal "Now Playing" screen, and one on the album artwork view (shown by pressing the select button from the "Now Playing" screen).
Album artwork is stored on the iPod in the \iPod_Control\Artwork directory. There should be three files in this directory -- the artwork database file (presumably an index of which artwork belongs to which song), and two ITHMB files. These ITHMB files store the exact same artwork, in the two different resolutions. The larger file (F016 on my iPod) stores the 140x140 version used in the album artwork screen, and the smaller one (F1017 on my iPod) stores the 56x56 version used in the "Now Playing" screen.
The resolutions in this case were fairly easy to figure out on the assumption that all album artwork images are perfectly square. Since each new album image added to the iPod increased these file sizes by 39,200 bytes and 6,272 bytes, respectively, it was easy enough to calculate the actual resolution by dividing these numbers by the colour depth and then taking the square root of the result.
Note that the album artwork also technically lives in one other place on your iPod -- within the MP3/AAC files themselves. The iPod doesn't use these images or care about them in any way, so they're technically wasted space. In fact, iTunes doesn't touch these images, so they're left in whatever size you saved them into the file in. In other words, if you're using high-resolution album artwork, you're losing even more space on your iPod.
The Photo Library
The iPod photo library is a bit more complicated. In actually investigating this one, I was able to determine that there are actually four resolutions stored for each image. I suspect that these are for the thumbnail browser view, the full-screen display, the TV display, and probably for the slideshow browser display (the image you see on the iPod when viewing your slideshow on TV)
The photos themselves live in the \Photos\Thumbs directory on your iPod. There will be at least four files in this directory, although there may be more depending on the number of of photos in your photo library. Unlike album artwork, the actual database lives elsewhere (right under the \Photos folder), so the Thumbs directory only contains the thumbnail libraries themselves.
The resolutions here were a bit more difficult to calculate, since not only are the pictures not square, but as far as I can tell different aspect ratios (width-to-height ratios) are used for the different resolutions. My best guesses are below, but these are based mostly on estimations, since it's difficult to make a determination otherwise. I've also specified the base filenames as they appear on my iPod. A complete reload appeared to generate the same filenames, but I can't be certain they'd be consistent everywhere....
F1013: This file contains the thumbnails for the full-screen display. The images in this file are 220x176, which matches the screen resolution of the iPod photo. This should be the second-largest of the files.
F1009: This file contains the thumbnails for the photo browser display. My best guess on the resolution of these pictures is somewhere around 42 x 30, based on the file size and an approximation of the aspect ratio. This will naturally be the smallest of the files.
F1015: This file contains what I believe to be the pictures used for the slideshow browser display (the centre image that is shown on your iPod screen when displaying slideshows on a TV). Each image in this thumbnail collection is 22,800 bytes in size, making it smaller than the full iPod screen, but larger than the average thumbnail. 130x88 seems to be the only resolution that makes sense for these images.
F1019: If you have even a moderate-sized photo collection (more than 759 photos), there will actually be more than one of these files. The ITHMB file format seems to cap off at around 500Mb, at which point a new file is created. They are numbered sequentially (ie, F1019_1, F1019_2, etc). (The same would apply to the other files above as well, but they wouldn't need to be split off until you reached at least 6000+ photos).
These files contain the images resized for TV display. As best as I can determine, these are used for both NTSC and PAL (contrary to my previous speculations). The resolution appears to be 720x480, which would make sense since this would make it compatible with both D-1 NTSC and basic PAL formats.
The iPod photo wants to have all of these files available when browsing your photo library and displaying slideshows, so if some of you are thinking that you can be sneaky and save space by removing the rather large F1019-series (if you never view slideshows on TV, for instance), it's not recommended. I tried this myself, and while it worked for a while, strange and unpredictable results eventually occured -- most notably the "gray box" problems that users have reported in other threads.
Note that one thing I haven't discussed here is Full Resolution photos (saved to your iPod if you have the appropriate option enabled in iTunes). Full Resolution photos aren't actually used by the iPod photo itself in any way -- they're simply stored on the hard drive in their original form so you can access them from other computers. They live in the \Photos\Full Resolution folder and are grouped into folders by Year, Month, and Day.
UPDATE: 5G iPOD
21 Oct 05
Most of the information mentioned above also applies to photo storage and album artwork storage on the new 5th-Generation iPod. However, due to the larger screen, some of the thumbnail databases and sizes are different from the 4G photo/color iPods.
The 5G iPod contains the following thumbnail databases:
Album Artwork
F1028: This is equivalent to the F1016 file on the 4G iPod. It contains the artwork for the normal "now playing" display, in a 100x100 16-bit bitmap. Each image in this file will consume 20,000 bytes.
F1029: This is equivalent to the F1017 file on the 4G iPod. It contains the artwork for the full-screen album artwork display. It is a 200x200 16-bit bitmap now. Each album image in this file will consume 80,000 bytes of storage.
You can determine the number of album artwork images you have stored by taking the F1028 file and dividing it's size by 20,000.
Like the photo library mentioned above, these databases will be split into multiple files when they exceed approximately 500Mb each (so you may have an F1029_1, F1029_2, etc). The split point seems to be at around 6,500 album art images.
Photo Library
Again, due to the larger screen, there are some different thumbnail databases here, although in this case at least, some have remained the same as the 4G.
F1015: This file is the same as for the iPod 4G. You will probably notice when you do a slideshow display that the centre image seems smaller than it did on the 4G. This is due to the fact that this particular image is actually the same resolution as it was on the 4G, yet the 5G's screen is higher resolution.
F1019: This file is the same as for the iPod 4G. Since it contains the images for the TV display, the resolution would be the same as on the 4G iPod models.
F1024: This file contains the images for the full-screen display. They are 320x240 16-bit bitmaps, equal to the resolution of the 5G iPod screen. Each image takes up 153,600 bytes.
F1036: The file contains the images for the thumbnail display (photo browser on the iPod screen). They are slightly higher-resolution than they were on the 4G, again due to the larger screen. The only resolution that seems to make sense for these is 50 x 41.
Each piece of album art will take up 100,000 bytes on the 5G iPod (in addition to the space required for the album artwork image inside the AAC/MP3 track itself).
Each photo will take up 851kb (871,780 bytes), in addition to the storage for any full-resolution images (if "Store Full-Resolution Photos" is enabled).
Again, all other aspects of the photo storage on the 5G appear to remain the same as discussed above in concept. Only some of the files have been changed due to the higher resolution screen.
UPDATE: 1G/2G iPOD NANO
02 Oct 06
While the concepts above are the same for all models of iPod, due to the smaller screen on the iPod Nano and the lack of TV Output capabilities, the thumbnail databases and sizes are again different for the iPod Nano.
Note that the iPod Nano 1st-Generation and 2nd-Generation models use identical methods, files, and file sizes. Despite the slightly larger screen on the 2G Nano, the base screen resolution has not changed -- both models use a 176 x 132 screen, and therefore both models use the same resolution for their album artwork images and photos.
The iPod Nano contains the following thumbnail databases:
Album Artwork
F1027: This is equivalent to the F1017 (4G) and F1029 (5G). It contains the artwork for the full-screen album artwork display, in a 100x100 16-bit bitmap. Each image in this file will consume 20,000 bytes. (interestingly, the image size for the full-screen album artwork on the iPod Nano is the same size as the "Now Playing" artwork on the 5G iPod).
F1031: This is equivalent to the F1016 (4G) and F1028 (5G). It contains the artwork for the normal "now playing" display, in a 42x42 16-bit bitmap. Each album image in this file will consume 3,528 bytes of storage.
You can determine the number of album artwork images you have stored by taking the F1027 file and dividing it's size by 20,000.
Like the other databases mentioned above, these databases would technically be split into multiple files when they exceed approximately 500Mb each, but this is extremely unlikely to happen on an iPod Nano since the Nano's storage capacity would be exceeded long before that point could be reached.
Photo Library
Again, due to the smaller screen, there are some different thumbnail databases here as well.
Further, as the Nano does not provide any kind of TV output for photos, the large TV display-quality database is not present, nor is the slideshow preview display (again, no TV output means no slideshow preview).
F1023: This file contains the images for the full-screen display. They are 176x132 16-bit bitmaps, equal to the resolution of the iPod Nano screen. Each image takes up 46,464 bytes.
F1032: This file contains the images for the thumbnail display (photo browser on the iPod screen). The only resolution that seems to make sense for these is 42 x 37. Each image takes up 3,108 bytes.
Each piece of album art will take up 23,528 bytes on the iPod Nano (in addition to the space required for the album artwork image inside the AAC/MP3 track itself).
Each photo will take up 48kb (49,572 bytes), in addition to the storage for any full-resolution images (if "Store Full-Resolution Photos" is enabled).
Again, all other aspects of the photo storage on the Nano remain the same as discussed above in concept. Only some of the files have been changed due to the smaller and lower-resolution screen.
UPDATE: iPhone and iPod touch
05 Oct 07
Conceptually, the iPhone and iPod touch store photos in much the same way as the other models of iPod, despite the OS X-based operating system and faster CPU power, photos are still pre-resized by iTunes and stored in separate thumbnail databases.
The most significant difference with the iPhone and iPod touch is the lack of any kind of "Disk Mode" on these devices that would allow for any form of photo recovery or full resolution photo storage. As a result, there is no "Store Full Resolution" option available.
Of course, due to the completely different interface, screen size, and aspect ratio, the thumbnail databases themselves and sizes/resolutions are very different from other iPod models.
The iPhone and iPod touch contain the following thumbnail databases:
Album Artwork
F3001: This contains a 256x256 16-bit bitmap, presumably used for the Cover Flow view.
F3002: This contains a 128x128 16-bit bitmap.
F3003: This contains a 64x64 16-bit bitmap.
F3005: This contains a 320x320 16-bit bitmap, presumably used for the Now Playing screen.
F3006: This also contains a 64x64 16-bit bitmap. It is not clear why there are TWO files with identical resolutions and sizes.
F3007: This contains a set of thumbnails for video files only. It is not clear what the purpose of this is, and the only resolution that seems to make any sense for these images is 128x64, which would be an extremely wide 2:1 aspect ratio. It will contain a single 16,384 byte 16-bit bitmap for each video file (movie, music video, TV show, or podcast that is stored on the device).
Photo Library
F3004: This file contains a 64x64 16-bit bitmap image, presumably used as a thumbnail for the photo browser view.
F3008: This file contains a 640x480 image for full screen display. Although the iPhone and iPod touch screens are only 320x480, the zoom feature necessitates a higher-resolution image.
F3009: This file contains a 160x128 image, presumably pre-formatted for e-mailing. The iPod touch also appears to have this thumbnail file, despite the fact that there is no support for sending photos out via e-mail.
F3011: Another mystery: a 12,640 byte 16-bit bitmap image is stored in this file. The only resolution that seems to make sense is 80x79, although it is not clear where this is used on the device itself.
Each piece of album art will take up 385,024 bytes on the device for audio files, or 401,408 bytes for video files (due to the additional thumbnail noted above). This is in addition to the space required for the album artwork image inside the AAC/MP3 track itself, and a very small amount of overhead for the actual artwork index database entry.
Each photo will take up 660kb (676,192 bytes), in addition to a very small amount of overhead for the actual photo index database entry.
SUMMARY
The table below summarizes the different image sizes and resolutions on each of the models of iPod supporting image display. All images are stored as 16-bit bitmaps, as noted above. Sizes given are per image (which in the case of album artwork is per track not per album), and do not include additional space required for artwork embedded in the file, or full resolution photo storage (if this option is selected).
Disclaimer: This is advanced material and is mostly intended for the technically curious. There isn't anything here that's directly relevant to actually using your iPod, so only read on if you're technically inclined and want to know how things work inside the iPod
So, after a bit of research, math, experimentation, and general messing around, I've managed to glean a few insights into how the iPod photo stores pictures "under the hood"...
Firstly, for those who may not realize it, the iPod photo is not capable of resizing images on the fly. All of this work is done by iTunes when it transfers the photos onto the iPod photo -- be it normal pictures or album artwork, the principle works the same -- iTunes does the resizing, and the iPod photo just displays whatever it has in it's photo database.
In fact, as I've mentioned elsewhere, iTunes actually creates multiple resized versions of the images, since the iPod needs to display them in different resolutions.
These photo compilations are stored in two different directories (one for album artwork, one for the photo library), and have the extension .ithmb.
Album Artwork
The iPod stores and displays album artwork in two resolutions -- one on the normal "Now Playing" screen, and one on the album artwork view (shown by pressing the select button from the "Now Playing" screen).
Album artwork is stored on the iPod in the \iPod_Control\Artwork directory. There should be three files in this directory -- the artwork database file (presumably an index of which artwork belongs to which song), and two ITHMB files. These ITHMB files store the exact same artwork, in the two different resolutions. The larger file (F016 on my iPod) stores the 140x140 version used in the album artwork screen, and the smaller one (F1017 on my iPod) stores the 56x56 version used in the "Now Playing" screen.
The resolutions in this case were fairly easy to figure out on the assumption that all album artwork images are perfectly square. Since each new album image added to the iPod increased these file sizes by 39,200 bytes and 6,272 bytes, respectively, it was easy enough to calculate the actual resolution by dividing these numbers by the colour depth and then taking the square root of the result.
Note that the album artwork also technically lives in one other place on your iPod -- within the MP3/AAC files themselves. The iPod doesn't use these images or care about them in any way, so they're technically wasted space. In fact, iTunes doesn't touch these images, so they're left in whatever size you saved them into the file in. In other words, if you're using high-resolution album artwork, you're losing even more space on your iPod.
The Photo Library
The iPod photo library is a bit more complicated. In actually investigating this one, I was able to determine that there are actually four resolutions stored for each image. I suspect that these are for the thumbnail browser view, the full-screen display, the TV display, and probably for the slideshow browser display (the image you see on the iPod when viewing your slideshow on TV)
The photos themselves live in the \Photos\Thumbs directory on your iPod. There will be at least four files in this directory, although there may be more depending on the number of of photos in your photo library. Unlike album artwork, the actual database lives elsewhere (right under the \Photos folder), so the Thumbs directory only contains the thumbnail libraries themselves.
The resolutions here were a bit more difficult to calculate, since not only are the pictures not square, but as far as I can tell different aspect ratios (width-to-height ratios) are used for the different resolutions. My best guesses are below, but these are based mostly on estimations, since it's difficult to make a determination otherwise. I've also specified the base filenames as they appear on my iPod. A complete reload appeared to generate the same filenames, but I can't be certain they'd be consistent everywhere....
F1013: This file contains the thumbnails for the full-screen display. The images in this file are 220x176, which matches the screen resolution of the iPod photo. This should be the second-largest of the files.
F1009: This file contains the thumbnails for the photo browser display. My best guess on the resolution of these pictures is somewhere around 42 x 30, based on the file size and an approximation of the aspect ratio. This will naturally be the smallest of the files.
F1015: This file contains what I believe to be the pictures used for the slideshow browser display (the centre image that is shown on your iPod screen when displaying slideshows on a TV). Each image in this thumbnail collection is 22,800 bytes in size, making it smaller than the full iPod screen, but larger than the average thumbnail. 130x88 seems to be the only resolution that makes sense for these images.
F1019: If you have even a moderate-sized photo collection (more than 759 photos), there will actually be more than one of these files. The ITHMB file format seems to cap off at around 500Mb, at which point a new file is created. They are numbered sequentially (ie, F1019_1, F1019_2, etc). (The same would apply to the other files above as well, but they wouldn't need to be split off until you reached at least 6000+ photos).
These files contain the images resized for TV display. As best as I can determine, these are used for both NTSC and PAL (contrary to my previous speculations). The resolution appears to be 720x480, which would make sense since this would make it compatible with both D-1 NTSC and basic PAL formats.
The iPod photo wants to have all of these files available when browsing your photo library and displaying slideshows, so if some of you are thinking that you can be sneaky and save space by removing the rather large F1019-series (if you never view slideshows on TV, for instance), it's not recommended. I tried this myself, and while it worked for a while, strange and unpredictable results eventually occured -- most notably the "gray box" problems that users have reported in other threads.
Note that one thing I haven't discussed here is Full Resolution photos (saved to your iPod if you have the appropriate option enabled in iTunes). Full Resolution photos aren't actually used by the iPod photo itself in any way -- they're simply stored on the hard drive in their original form so you can access them from other computers. They live in the \Photos\Full Resolution folder and are grouped into folders by Year, Month, and Day.
UPDATE: 5G iPOD
21 Oct 05
Most of the information mentioned above also applies to photo storage and album artwork storage on the new 5th-Generation iPod. However, due to the larger screen, some of the thumbnail databases and sizes are different from the 4G photo/color iPods.
The 5G iPod contains the following thumbnail databases:
Album Artwork
F1028: This is equivalent to the F1016 file on the 4G iPod. It contains the artwork for the normal "now playing" display, in a 100x100 16-bit bitmap. Each image in this file will consume 20,000 bytes.
F1029: This is equivalent to the F1017 file on the 4G iPod. It contains the artwork for the full-screen album artwork display. It is a 200x200 16-bit bitmap now. Each album image in this file will consume 80,000 bytes of storage.
You can determine the number of album artwork images you have stored by taking the F1028 file and dividing it's size by 20,000.
Like the photo library mentioned above, these databases will be split into multiple files when they exceed approximately 500Mb each (so you may have an F1029_1, F1029_2, etc). The split point seems to be at around 6,500 album art images.
Photo Library
Again, due to the larger screen, there are some different thumbnail databases here, although in this case at least, some have remained the same as the 4G.
F1015: This file is the same as for the iPod 4G. You will probably notice when you do a slideshow display that the centre image seems smaller than it did on the 4G. This is due to the fact that this particular image is actually the same resolution as it was on the 4G, yet the 5G's screen is higher resolution.
F1019: This file is the same as for the iPod 4G. Since it contains the images for the TV display, the resolution would be the same as on the 4G iPod models.
F1024: This file contains the images for the full-screen display. They are 320x240 16-bit bitmaps, equal to the resolution of the 5G iPod screen. Each image takes up 153,600 bytes.
F1036: The file contains the images for the thumbnail display (photo browser on the iPod screen). They are slightly higher-resolution than they were on the 4G, again due to the larger screen. The only resolution that seems to make sense for these is 50 x 41.
Each piece of album art will take up 100,000 bytes on the 5G iPod (in addition to the space required for the album artwork image inside the AAC/MP3 track itself).
Each photo will take up 851kb (871,780 bytes), in addition to the storage for any full-resolution images (if "Store Full-Resolution Photos" is enabled).
Again, all other aspects of the photo storage on the 5G appear to remain the same as discussed above in concept. Only some of the files have been changed due to the higher resolution screen.
UPDATE: 1G/2G iPOD NANO
02 Oct 06
While the concepts above are the same for all models of iPod, due to the smaller screen on the iPod Nano and the lack of TV Output capabilities, the thumbnail databases and sizes are again different for the iPod Nano.
Note that the iPod Nano 1st-Generation and 2nd-Generation models use identical methods, files, and file sizes. Despite the slightly larger screen on the 2G Nano, the base screen resolution has not changed -- both models use a 176 x 132 screen, and therefore both models use the same resolution for their album artwork images and photos.
The iPod Nano contains the following thumbnail databases:
Album Artwork
F1027: This is equivalent to the F1017 (4G) and F1029 (5G). It contains the artwork for the full-screen album artwork display, in a 100x100 16-bit bitmap. Each image in this file will consume 20,000 bytes. (interestingly, the image size for the full-screen album artwork on the iPod Nano is the same size as the "Now Playing" artwork on the 5G iPod).
F1031: This is equivalent to the F1016 (4G) and F1028 (5G). It contains the artwork for the normal "now playing" display, in a 42x42 16-bit bitmap. Each album image in this file will consume 3,528 bytes of storage.
You can determine the number of album artwork images you have stored by taking the F1027 file and dividing it's size by 20,000.
Like the other databases mentioned above, these databases would technically be split into multiple files when they exceed approximately 500Mb each, but this is extremely unlikely to happen on an iPod Nano since the Nano's storage capacity would be exceeded long before that point could be reached.
Photo Library
Again, due to the smaller screen, there are some different thumbnail databases here as well.
Further, as the Nano does not provide any kind of TV output for photos, the large TV display-quality database is not present, nor is the slideshow preview display (again, no TV output means no slideshow preview).
F1023: This file contains the images for the full-screen display. They are 176x132 16-bit bitmaps, equal to the resolution of the iPod Nano screen. Each image takes up 46,464 bytes.
F1032: This file contains the images for the thumbnail display (photo browser on the iPod screen). The only resolution that seems to make sense for these is 42 x 37. Each image takes up 3,108 bytes.
Each piece of album art will take up 23,528 bytes on the iPod Nano (in addition to the space required for the album artwork image inside the AAC/MP3 track itself).
Each photo will take up 48kb (49,572 bytes), in addition to the storage for any full-resolution images (if "Store Full-Resolution Photos" is enabled).
Again, all other aspects of the photo storage on the Nano remain the same as discussed above in concept. Only some of the files have been changed due to the smaller and lower-resolution screen.
UPDATE: iPhone and iPod touch
05 Oct 07
Conceptually, the iPhone and iPod touch store photos in much the same way as the other models of iPod, despite the OS X-based operating system and faster CPU power, photos are still pre-resized by iTunes and stored in separate thumbnail databases.
The most significant difference with the iPhone and iPod touch is the lack of any kind of "Disk Mode" on these devices that would allow for any form of photo recovery or full resolution photo storage. As a result, there is no "Store Full Resolution" option available.
Of course, due to the completely different interface, screen size, and aspect ratio, the thumbnail databases themselves and sizes/resolutions are very different from other iPod models.
The iPhone and iPod touch contain the following thumbnail databases:
Album Artwork
F3001: This contains a 256x256 16-bit bitmap, presumably used for the Cover Flow view.
F3002: This contains a 128x128 16-bit bitmap.
F3003: This contains a 64x64 16-bit bitmap.
F3005: This contains a 320x320 16-bit bitmap, presumably used for the Now Playing screen.
F3006: This also contains a 64x64 16-bit bitmap. It is not clear why there are TWO files with identical resolutions and sizes.
F3007: This contains a set of thumbnails for video files only. It is not clear what the purpose of this is, and the only resolution that seems to make any sense for these images is 128x64, which would be an extremely wide 2:1 aspect ratio. It will contain a single 16,384 byte 16-bit bitmap for each video file (movie, music video, TV show, or podcast that is stored on the device).
Photo Library
F3004: This file contains a 64x64 16-bit bitmap image, presumably used as a thumbnail for the photo browser view.
F3008: This file contains a 640x480 image for full screen display. Although the iPhone and iPod touch screens are only 320x480, the zoom feature necessitates a higher-resolution image.
F3009: This file contains a 160x128 image, presumably pre-formatted for e-mailing. The iPod touch also appears to have this thumbnail file, despite the fact that there is no support for sending photos out via e-mail.
F3011: Another mystery: a 12,640 byte 16-bit bitmap image is stored in this file. The only resolution that seems to make sense is 80x79, although it is not clear where this is used on the device itself.
Each piece of album art will take up 385,024 bytes on the device for audio files, or 401,408 bytes for video files (due to the additional thumbnail noted above). This is in addition to the space required for the album artwork image inside the AAC/MP3 track itself, and a very small amount of overhead for the actual artwork index database entry.
Each photo will take up 660kb (676,192 bytes), in addition to a very small amount of overhead for the actual photo index database entry.
SUMMARY
The table below summarizes the different image sizes and resolutions on each of the models of iPod supporting image display. All images are stored as 16-bit bitmaps, as noted above. Sizes given are per image (which in the case of album artwork is per track not per album), and do not include additional space required for artwork embedded in the file, or full resolution photo storage (if this option is selected).

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