Patience, this is a message board not live chat. Sometimes it takes some time, days if not more than 2 hours, for the right person with the right answer to see your post.
This also the most asked question here although not for Linux but the same article applies. I don't think there is a lot of Linux users here, and it's been a long time since I've really dug deep into Linux. You may be better off posting to a Linux forum for your particular distro of Linux. Since there are many different distros it may be helpful to tell us which one you are using as well as if you are using GNOME, KDE or another desktop environment.
You can start by reading
Copying Content from your iPod to your Computer - The Definitive Guide. Regardless of if you can run iTunes it does not recover files of an iPod. Most of the software mentioned will not work with Linux although YamiPod should do it. If YamiPod can not do it or will not work on your distro of Linux the manual method of showing hidden files and folders should still work. The other issue you may run into is if Linux can read the iPods file structure which it should read Windows formatting but may not read a Mac formated iPod. Since a Mac's OS is based on Unix as well I'm sure it will read it as well.
In the future get yourself an external USB drive to store an additional copy of your files. You should have at least 2 copies and I would not count the iPod as a copy. It was my days of experimenting with setting up dual booting Windows/Linux computers that taught me the importance of a good back up. One false move and I was re-ripping a few hundred CD's as well as a few important documents being lost. I was lucky to not have a digital photo collection at the time since they would have been irreplaceable.